The Value Of Philosophy Lord Russell - 1522 Words

Value is defined as something that is considered important or beneficial. Philosophy is a rational argument about the â€Å"big questions† such as knowledge, love, ethics, morals, etc. Philosopher Lord Bertrand Russell stated that [p]hilosophy is to be studied not for the sake of any definite answers to its questions, since no definite answers can, as a rule, be known to be true, but rather for the sake of the questions themselves; because these questions enlarge our conception of what is possible, enrich our intellectual imagination and diminish the dogmatic assurance which closes the mind against speculation; but above all because, through the greatness of the universe which philosophy contemplates, the mind is also rendered great, and becomes capable of that union with the universe which constitutes its highest good. (Palmer 34) Lord Russell suggests that the value of philosophy is in the generation of questions rather than the response to such questions. The value of philosophy is found in the questions it generates, the progress such questions add to the philosophical way of thinking, and the relation to similar questions we ask thousands of years later. On that note, Lord Russell also states that . . . above all because, through the greatness of the universe which philosophy contemplates, the mind is also rendered great, and becomes capable of that union with the universe which constitutes its highest good. (Palmer 34) He suggests to his reader that the useful aspect ofShow MoreRelatedThe Value of Philosophy Essay754 Words   |  4 PagesThe Value of Philosophy The word â€Å"philosophy† is derived from two ancient Greek words, â€Å"philos† meaning ‘love of’ and â€Å"sophia† meaning ‘wisdom’. Philosophers are lovers of wisdom. They have had the time and resources to sit back and wonder about what things really are like when all the pieces are fitted into one final accounting. The history of philosophy is generally divided into four stages or periods. Ancient philosophy covers Greek and Roman philosophy. Medieval philosophy deals withRead MoreAnalysis Of Tagore s The Spirit Of True Learning 1586 Words   |  7 Pagesa) Values and beliefs that underpin the author s approach to creating a stimulating and caring classroom environment. â€Å"A most important truth, which we are apt to forget, is that a teacher can never truly teach unless he is still learning himself. A lamp can never light another lamp unless it continues to burn its own flame†- Rabindranath Tagore (Tagore, 1922). The values and beliefs that underpin the authors approach to creating a stimulating and caring classroom environment where optimal learningRead MoreEssay Utopia4252 Words   |  18 Pagesthoughts in the Republic and Law conceived by Plato and in The Nicomachean Ethics and Politics created by Aristotle. 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These philosophies were made possible by many brightRead MoreClassical Liberalism vs Classical Conservatism2089 Words   |  9 PagesConservatism is defined as â€Å"a political philosophy emphasizing the need for the principles of natural law and transcendent mora l order.†(Frohnen, Beer, and Nelson, 2006) Classical Liberalism is described as â€Å"a philosophy committed to the ideal of limited government and liberty of individuals including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and free markets.† (Hudelson, 1999) These two ideas have shaped our philosophies and parties for centuries to come. These philosophies were made possible by many brightRead MoreWill There Ever Be A Period Of Peace On The Earth? What1880 Words   |  8 PagesWill there ever be a period of peace on the earth? What will it intend to you? Might you want to live in a superior world—a world loaded with peace, value, bliss and success for each man, lady and kid? The majority of us would. 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Understanding And Abolishing Spiritual Stereotypes

Understanding and Abolishing Spiritual Stereotypes Substance abuse providers that believe spirituality and religion is one in the same, may hold the belief that an individual that is an atheist or agnostic will not have the opportunity to acquire spiritual opportunities when participating in alcohol and addiction programs (Sussman et al., 2013). In addition, these substance abuse providers may believe that when an individual that eliminates alcohol and drug abuse without the intervention of spiritual assistance, such as a Higher Power, they may believe that the individual will not have the capability to achieve and maintain balance within their sobriety and recovery. Sussman et al. (2013) suggests that these substance abuse providers unknowingly engage in a thought process that includes stereotypes. Suggesting that individuals, who engage in spiritual behaviors that do include a Higher Power, are more deserving of achieving sobriety and recovery because they are practicing by being involved with working the 12-step program, thus, mak ing them more righteous in obtaining a blessing from their Higher Power. Noteworthy, the term spirituality is often linked with religion with no specific boundaries out of lack of knowledge. Engaging in a spiritual practice that allows an individual to have a spiritual solution that is higher than them and gives them hope has a significant influence on alcohol and drug abuse. Gedge and Querney (2014) describe discussing spirituality withShow MoreRelatedSummary : Performance The Body 1550 Words   |  7 Pagesfeminism furthers feminism perception that women are of many colors, ethnicities, nationalities, religions and cultural backgrounds. Third Wave feminists have broadened their goals, focusing on ideas like queer theory, and abolishing gender role expectations and stereotypes. Through her career it was when gaga was performing as a gogo-dancer and in the New York underground night culture that she really found her nitch of what she wanted to do. But it is her music videos and performances with constantRead MoreMy Bondage And My Freedom By Frederick Douglass1885 Words   |  8 PagesThe autobiography My Bondage and My Freedom, by Frederick Douglass, illustrates the life and the journey of a born slave in Maryland, into liberation and the gradual understanding of slavery’s inconsistencies in general. He tell his story the public sphere, white non slaveholders, in hopes of helping them gain a better understanding of what slavery truly is from a first hand perspective. It starts off with a realization that he, his grandmother, and everyone around him belonged to someone named â€Å"oldRead MoreEssay on Criminological Theories13456 Words   |  54 Pages9 Beccaria, Cesare: (1738-1794) Italian nobleman, prominent in the eighteenth century, wrote On Crimes and Punishment (1764). Bentham, Jeremy: (1748-1832) Jurist and philosopher, prominent in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, advocated abolishing the death penalty. Cohen, Lawrence E.: Collaborated with Marcus Felson in developing the routine activities theory. Felson, Marcus: Collaborated with Lawrence Cohen in developing the routine activities theory. Chapter 3 10 Biological TheoriesRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages48 v Cognitive Style Indicator 52 Locus of Control Scale 52 Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale 54 Core Self-Evaluation Scale (CSES) 56 SKILL LEARNING 57 Key Dimensions of Self-Awareness 57 The Enigma of Self-Awareness 58 The Sensitive Line 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 CasesRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesoppression reached once unimaginable levels—in large part due to the refinement or introduction of new technologies of repression and surveillance and modes of mass organization and control. Breakthroughs in the sciences that greatly enhanced our understandings of the natural world and made for major advances in medicine and health care were very often offset by the degradation of the global environment and massive spurts in excessive mortality brought on by warfare, famine, periodic genocidal onslaughts

Unequal and Unethical Treatment of Women in the Middle East Free Essays

History shows many instances of discrimination and unequal rights for women. Women have been looked down upon and been abused by men in many different countries and cultures. There is a history for inequity of women, especially domestic violence and abuse. We will write a custom essay sample on Unequal and Unethical Treatment of Women in the Middle East or any similar topic only for you Order Now These dilemmas have been going on for the many years in the past, and are still going on today, especially in Middle Eastern countries. One major aspect of the situation of abuse towards women is involved with marriage. In many Middle Eastern countries, it is common for parents to arrange or even force a marriage, and for the children to have no say in it (Child Brides). I believe that this is a large part of the cause for aggression and abuse against the women. In an article from Gaza City called Abuse of Women Still Rife in Palestinian Life, Says Study ¬, a girl named Saana described how she had to endure beating from her father and then her husband as well. Saana’s father arranged a marriage for her, and in the second week of marriage her husband started beating her. He had no apparent reason for beating her. Also, after marrying this man, Saana found out that he had been conducting another relationship with a 15-year-old girl. Her husband eventually dumped her back at her parents’ house. In this culture, divorced women have very bad reputations, no matter what the situation is. Because of this, Saana returned home from her physically abusive husband to verbal abuse from her father. Studies in Gaza show that â€Å"†¦more than one in five women say they suffer physical domestic violence but there is not a single women’s shelter. † (Abuse of Women). Although many women are being abused, the government is doing very little, if anything to help them. Even law enforcement officers are very biased. There is basically nothing keeping men from abusing women. Penalties for men who kill or hurt their wives are very insignificant. Also, only male relatives are allowed to file incest charges on behalf of children. Police routinely ‘mediate’ causes of sexual and physical abuse by returning the victims to the ‘care’ of the perpetrators, which obviously doesn’t help the victim at all. Very few women have submitted complaints, though there is so much abuse going on. This may be because they are afraid of their husbands finding out that they complained, and for that reason beating them even more. An article written in 2006 mentioned that of 85 cases of rape in 2003, only in one single case resulted in conviction. (Abuse of Women). According to other online articles, some families arrange marriages for their daughters as young as 7 years old (Child Brides). For example, there was one court case in Saudi Arabia in which a father wanted to allow his 8-year-old daughter to get married to a 47-year-old man. The mother of the daughter was divorced from the father. A relative stated that the mother was determined on getting the marriage overturned. (Eight-year-old girl’s Marriage) There are also some miscellaneous issues about to rights of women, unrelated to marriage. One such example is that women in Saudi Arabia are not allowed to drive cars. A well-known Islamic Scholar named Sheikh Ayed Al-Qarni stated that this rule is based on religious reasons. Al-Qarni set out four clarifying statements: â€Å"One: I do not see women driving cars in our country because of the consequences that would spring from it such as the spread of corruption, women uncovering their hair and faces, mingling between the sexes, men being alone with women and the destruction of the family and society in whole. Two: Sadd Al-Dharaie principle (the closing of doors which could lead to corruption or sinful actions) is one of the values in our religion. Women driving cars is a sinful thing. It is used by those who want to wage a war against purity and hijab. Three: One of the principles of our religion is protecting honor and moral values. Women driving cars would threaten these principl es because of the dire consequences resulting from it. Four: Such public issues must be brought up with the certified religious institution who have the say in such matters as I have said many times before. (Women Driving Cars Is a Sinful Thing: Al-Qarni). Though it may be that a religion includes a rule disallowing women to drive, the women should have a right to choose whether to follow this religious rule or not, and not have to endure any legal punishment if they choose not to. Though it seems that the idea of equal rights for women in the Middle East is an impossible notion, there are actually people who care and are working to solve this issue. In Gaza, there have been non-governmental organizations that have been dedicating effort to reduce domestic violence n the area. One such organization featured on BBC News concluded that a major role in domestic violence is the frustration in men after the stress of political and social issues in Gaza. Abu Fahdi, a former abuser, said, â€Å"For us, the war really begins after the military war is over. Here in Gaza men are supposed to be providers. The siege, the strikes, in one way or another they affect all households in Gaza – poverty, hunger, homelessness. Men are really frustrated. They sometimes take it out on their wives. In Gaza, however, there are few places for a woman to run. â€Å"There are no shelters here. Just clinics where women can get comfort, advice or anti-depressants – more often than not, without their husbands knowing. † (Gazan Women). Psychiatrist Suha Mousa works with women that have faced abusive husbands. She says it’s difficult to work with these women because it can get complicated to intervene in their family lives. She explains that if a husband divorces his wife or if she leaves him and returns home to her father’s house, she could lose all access to her children. It is thought by many that the Islam religion includes unequal rights for women. This is because the Islam religion requires women to be ‘modest’ and wear headscarves to hide their hair and skin. These restrictions make people believe that women are lower than men. Female member of parliament Jamila al-Shanti disagrees greatly with this idea. She believes that a reason for domestic violence is less-than-adequate amount of respect for women. â€Å"From the moment of birth, a baby boy is celebrated. A baby girl is accepted,† she says. Jamila al-Shanti believes that when people say that â€Å"Islam dictates that women should be at the bottom of the pile,† it is not Islam; it is bad traditions and habits that cause this harsh judgment of women. It is the opinion of human rights groups that laws in Gaza deal with cases of violence much too leniently. They usually consider issues like domestic violence or even cases of husbands murdering their wives family affairs. (Gazan Women) These issues in Gaza, Saudi Arabia, and other Middle Eastern countries cause pain and suffering to be part of every-day life for women. As time passes, people work hard to stop such problems that degrade women. They may never be completely wiped out, but they can be greatly reduced if enough people dedicate themselves towards helping this cause. Women deserve equal rights as much as men do, and this is expressed in the Declaration of Human Rights. Works Cited â€Å"8-year-old Girl’s Marriage Ruled Legal – UPI. com. † Latest News, Latest News Headlines, News Articles, News Video, News Photos – UPI. com. Web. 12 Feb. 2011. . Adler, Katya. â€Å"BBC NEWS | Middle East | Gazan Women Face Rise in Abuse. BBC News – Home. Web. 12 Feb. 2011. . Macintyre, Donald. â€Å"Abuse of Women Still Rife in Palestinian Life, Says Study – Middle East, World – The Independent. † The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper. Web. 12 Feb. 2011. . Qusti, Raid. â€Å"Women Driving Cars Is a Sinful Thing: Al-Qarni. † Arab News Newspaper. Web. 12 Feb. 2011. . Stritof , Sheri, and Bob Stritof. â€Å"Child Brides — Forced Marriage of Children — The Problem of Early Marriages. † Marriage — THE Starting Place for Exploring Marriage and Marriage Issues. Web. 12 Feb. 2011. . How to cite Unequal and Unethical Treatment of Women in the Middle East, Papers

Injection Safety in Outpatient Settings †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Injection Safety in Outpatient Settings. Answer: Introduction A safe injection is considered to be one that causes minimum harm or damage to the patient and the health care worker. The skin tissues often get infected by the entry of bacteria through injection into the deeper tissues of the skin. Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and coryneform bacteria are the most common microorganisms that are responsible for the incidence of skin infection at sites of medication injection (Stevens et al., 2014). The standard medical practice involves usage of pre-medicated 70% isopropyl alcohol swab to cleanse a skin area prior to injection. This report will critically analyse the necessity of nurses swabbing skin sites before administration of an injection and will comment on its clinical significance. The authors designed a quasi experimental study to assess the necessity of using 70 % alcohol swab for skin preparation before administering injections by clinical and pathological assessments. The effects of 70 % isopropyl alcohol and no preparation before injection, was studied. The two groups included receiving intramuscular (IM), intra-dermal (ID) and subcutaneous (SC) injection after skin preparation with alcohol swabs (221) and those who did not receive skin preparation (186). The skin was swabbed for 30 seconds and allowed to dry before injection. The injection area was assessed after 2-3 days. Pathological assessments were carried out among 51 patients, with and without alcohol swabs and the bacterial colony forming units (CFU/ml) were measured. A statistical analysis showed that skin preparation with alcohol swab destroyed 47% skin bacteria at injection site. Further, no skin preparation failed to show any infection signs. The mean CFU/ml was significantly high (2.473.86) fo r patients without swabbing, compared to those where alcohol swab had been performed. The use of alcohol swabs also involved larger costs. Thus, the study showed that swabbing technique was an inadequate safeguard against infection and failed to show any significant differences in systemic effects and clinical signs. The limitation lies in the fact that the entry of microorganisms by the three ways of injection was not evaluated separately (Khawaja et al., 2013). Insulin is usually injected to the subcutaneous tissue through a clean site on the skin. The study recruited 225 patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and conducted a survey on history of diabetes, preferred injection practices, use of isopropyl alcohol swabs to sanitize skin before injection, and complications that arise from such injections. 10 cases of infection were found among patients who reported use of alcohol swabs very often. Furthermore, patients reporting no use of swabs showed 14 infection cases. Therefore, the results were consistent with the previous findings that alcohol antisepsis before injection fails to reduce incidence of infection at the site. The validity of the findings added to the strength. However, limitations were found in the form of selection bias. Routine users of alcohol swabs might be concerned about infections and are more likely to recall them (ONeill et al., 2013). The need for disinfecting the skin with alcohol swab before injections has long been questioned by the WHO. This study discussed evidences based on current recommendations on pre-injection skin preparation by analysing various articles and arriving at a consensus. The theoretical observations showed that it is impossible to sterilise the living skin by the use of chemical disinfectants. A swab of isopropanol reduces the numbers by 82-91% only. The observations in practice showed that no statistically significant differences were observed in response to formation of abscess at the injection site in the alcohol swab group and no pre-treatment group. Thus, a consensus was formed that skin preparation can be discontinued before subcutaneous injections and would probably not lead to any adverse effects among people with visibly clean skins (Qamar, Gillani Sulaiman, 2012). Critical observation During our clinical placement we were given training on the different measures that need to be adopted for preparing the skin for intramuscular and subcutaneous injections. The clinical placement enhanced innovative thinking capabilities and also provided an insight into the practices that were followed to avoid adverse health outcomes such as infection and abscess formation in patients. During the third week of my placement, a patient Clara (name changed) got admitted to the ward due to extreme loss in weight and appetite. She was 18 years old and had been suffering from type-1 diabetes. She reported symptoms of frequent urination, fatigue, excessive thirst and blurred vision. On admission, I was assigned the task of measuring her blood glucose levels. On assessment, they were found to be extremely high (302 mg/dl). My mentor immediately decided to start insulin therapy in order to control the blood glucose. My clinical knowledge had created the understanding that an alcohol swab was the traditional method of subcutaneous injections (Zhang et al., 2015). However, I was asked to arrange for disposable gloves, antibacterial soap and water for skin preparation. An essential part of learning lies in the fact that nurses should feel motivated to seize such learning opportunities and gather information from the seniors. Therefore, I approached my mentor and inquired the reason for avoiding alcohol swab prior to insulin injection. My mentor said that alcohol swabs have been found to cause cracks and sorenessin people with sensitive skin (Kundrapu et al., 2014). It dries the skin and has not proved effective in preventing skin infections, as evidenced from research articles (Hirsch, Byron Gibney, 2014). Thus, an antibacterial soap and water are used to wash the hands and a cotton wool dipped in water is used to wipe the site before injecting insulin (Kinnunen Mrsny, 2014). I followed my mentor and washed my hands with the antibacterial soap and water vigorously for 15 seconds. I was made to wear gloves after washing for further protection. Furthermore, I learnt that shared alcohol swabs or their inappropriate use often lead to viral contamination such as HCV (Palmateer et al., 2014). Thus, proper care should be taken to ensure that the same swab is not used to disinfect other body parts, as this would increase the risk of bacteria entering the injection site. Some of the recommendations are as follows: It should be made compulsory for healthcare professionals to wash their hands prior injecting a drug (Thompson et al., 2016). Most community healthcare centres should have access to proper sanitation facilities and community members should be encouraged to clean soiled skin of patients before administering any injection (Steinmann et al., 2015). Although alcohol swabs have not shown any significant improvements in preventing infection, care should be taken that sterilised alcohol swabs are used on the skin in cases where water is not available (Lai?Kwon et al., 2014). Alcohol swabs should never be used on sensitive skin if symptoms of dryness and irritation are observed. The skin site should subsequently be cleaned prior to injection. Separate swabs should be used for disinfecting several body parts. The alcohol swabs should never be shared among patients. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that cleansing the area with swabs is a traditional practice and is thought to prevent entry of bacteria through the site, into the deeper layers of the tissue. However, research evidences have failed to show their effectiveness in preventing such infection. Moreover, usage of shared swabs has been associated with several forms of contamination, and leads to dryness of the skin. Thus, it is advisable for nurses to use soap and water to cleanse their hands and the skin surface before injecting a drug. Use of alcohol swabs is therefore not a mandatory clinical practice. References Hirsch, L., Byron, K., Gibney, M. (2014). Intramuscular risk at insulin injection sitesmeasurement of the distance from skin to muscle and rationale for shorter-length needles for subcutaneous insulin therapy.Diabetes technology therapeutics,16(12), 867-873. Khawaja, R. A., Sikandar, R., Qureshi, R., Jareno, R. J. M. (2013). Routine skin preparation with 70% isopropyl alcohol swab: is it necessary before an injection? Quasi study.JLUMHS,12(02), 109. Kinnunen, H. M., Mrsny, R. J. (2014). Improving the outcomes of biopharmaceutical delivery via the subcutaneous route by understanding the chemical, physical and physiological properties of the subcutaneous injection site.Journal of Controlled Release,182, 22-32. Kundrapu, S., Sunkesula, V., Jury, I., Deshpande, A., Donskey, C. J. (2014). A randomized trial of soap and water hand wash versus alcohol hand rub for removal of Clostridium difficile spores from hands of patients.Infection control and hospital epidemiology,35(2), 204-206. Lai?Kwon, J., Ly, L., Su, J. C., Nixon, R., Tam, M. M. (2014). Unsuspected allergic contact dermatitis to alcohol swabs following neurosurgery.Australasian Journal of Dermatology,55(4), 296-298. ONeill, J., Grinager, H., Smith, S. D., Sibley, S., Harrison, A. R., Lee, M. S. (2013). Isopropyl alcohol skin antisepsis does not reduce incidence of infection following insulin injection.American journal of infection control,41(8), 755-756. Palmateer, N., Hutchinson, S., McAllister, G., Munro, A., Cameron, S., Goldberg, D., Taylor, A. (2014). Risk of transmission associated with sharing drug injecting paraphernalia: analysis of recent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection using cross?sectional survey data.Journal of viral hepatitis,21(1), 25-32. Qamar, M., Gillani, S. W., Sulaiman, S. A. S. (2012). The Skin Preparation Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices among the Healthcare Professionals in Compliance with the World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines.Journal of Clinical Diagnostic Research,6(6) 1041-1046. 6p. Steinmann, J., Becker, B., Bischoff, B., Steinmann, E. (2015). Alcohol hand rub or soap and water for removal of norovirus from handsthe debate continues.Journal of Hospital Infection,91(4), 371-372. Stevens, D. L., Bisno, A. L., Chambers, H. F., Dellinger, E. P., Goldstein, E. J., Gorbach, S. L., ... Wade, J. C. (2014). Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.Clinical infectious diseases,59(2), e10-e52. Thompson, D., Bowdey, L., Brett, M., Cheek, J. (2016). Using medical student observers of infection prevention, hand hygiene, and injection safety in outpatient settings: A cross-sectional survey.American journal of infection control,44(4), 374-380. Zhang, L. J., Guerrero-Juarez, C. F., Hata, T., Bapat, S. P., Ramos, R., Plikus, M. V., Gallo, R. L. (2015). Dermal adipocytes protect against invasive Staphylococcus aureus skin infection.Science,347(6217), 67-71.